Glossary & References¶
Alphabetical index of concepts, technical terms, and academic references used in COGSEC documentation. Each term includes a definition, usage context, and links to primary sources.
A¶
Abstraction¶
Cognitive process of extracting essential characteristics of a phenomenon while ignoring irrelevant details. Fundamental capability for system modeling.
→ Wikipedia | Stanford Encyclopedia
Agency¶
Capacity of an individual to act autonomously and make independent choices. Contrasts with Milgram's agentic state where this capacity is suspended.
→ Wikipedia | Stanford Encyclopedia
Agentic State¶
Milgram's concept describing the psychological state where the individual becomes an instrument of external will, their moral conscience disconnecting from their actions.
Source
Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to Authority. Harper & Row. ISBN: 978-0-06-131983-9. WorldCat | Internet Archive
Alienation¶
State of separation of the individual from themselves, from others, or from their work. Marxist concept adopted in social psychology.
→ Wikipedia | Stanford Encyclopedia
Anchoring¶
Cognitive bias where initial information disproportionately influences subsequent judgments. Exploited in preventive briefing.
Source
Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124-1131. DOI: 10.1126/science.185.4157.1124
Anxiety (Social)¶
Intense and persistent fear of social situations where one might be negatively judged. Can be induced by repeated social control mechanisms.
Attribution Theory¶
Study of how individuals explain the causes of behaviors and events.
Source
Heider, F. (1958). The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. Wiley. ISBN: 978-0-89859-282-8. WorldCat
Asymmetric Information¶
Situation where one party holds more information than the other in an interaction. Concept formalized by Akerlof (1970) in his analysis of the "lemons" market. In the context of social control, asymmetry is initially in favor of the system but can be reversed through documentation.
Source
Akerlof, G.A. (1970). The Market for "Lemons": Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 84(3), 488-500. DOI: 10.2307/1879431 | JSTOR
Attention (Selective)¶
Ability to focus on certain stimuli while ignoring others. Reduced in HPI/ASD profiles, making noise filtering more difficult.
Auto-stigmatization¶
Process by which a stigmatized individual internalizes society's negative attitudes and applies them to themselves.
B¶
Banality of Evil¶
Hannah Arendt's concept describing how ordinary individuals can participate in destructive systems without personal malevolence, simply through conformity to procedures and absence of critical reflection (thoughtlessness).
Source
Arendt, H. (1963). Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil. Penguin Classics. ISBN: 978-0-14-303988-4. WorldCat | Internet Archive
Briefing¶
Preventive transmission of (often biased) information about an individual before their arrival in a new context. Mechanism documented in COGSEC002.
Burnout¶
State of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion caused by prolonged stress. Can result from chronic exposure to social control mechanisms.
→ Wikipedia | WHO ICD-11
C¶
Central Coherence (Weak)¶
Cognitive style characterized by attention to details rather than the big picture. Documented in ASD profiles by Happé & Frith (2006).
Source
Happé, F. & Frith, U. (2006). The Weak Coherence Account: Detail-focused Cognitive Style in Autism Spectrum Disorders. JADD, 36(1), 5-25. DOI: 10.1007/s10803-005-0039-0
Chunking¶
Technique of grouping information elements into larger units ("chunks") to increase the effective capacity of working memory.
Source
Miller, G.A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two. Psychological Review, 63(2), 81-97. DOI: 10.1037/h0043158
Cognitive Architecture¶
Structure and organization of an individual's mental processes. Varies between neurotypical and neuroatypical profiles.
→ Wikipedia | Stanford Encyclopedia
Cognitive Bias¶
Systematic deviation of judgment from rationality. Over 180 documented biases influence perception and decision-making.
→ Wikipedia | Cognitive Bias Codex
Cognitive Dissonance¶
State of psychological tension resulting from the coexistence of contradictory cognitions. The individual tends to reduce this dissonance.
Source
Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford University Press. ISBN: 978-0-8047-0911-8. WorldCat
Cognitive Load¶
Total amount of mental resources used by working memory. Overload reduces processing and judgment capacities.
Source
Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive Load During Problem Solving. Cognitive Science, 12(2), 257-285. DOI: 10.1207/s15516709cog1202_4
Cognitive Security (COGSEC)¶
Emerging field documenting cognitive and social control mechanisms, vulnerabilities of human cognitive architecture, and possible countermeasures.
→ Defined in this project
Conditioning¶
Process by which automatic responses are implanted, bypassing conscious processing. Experimentally demonstrated by Watson & Rayner (1920) with "Little Albert."
Source
Watson, J.B. & Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3(1), 1-14. DOI: 10.1037/h0069608 | PsycNET
Confirmation Bias¶
Cognitive tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information in ways that confirm pre-existing beliefs. Documented by Wason (1960). Exploited in briefing mechanisms.
Source
Wason, P.C. (1960). On the failure to eliminate hypotheses in a conceptual task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12(3), 129-140. DOI: 10.1080/17470216008416717 | PubMed
Conformity¶
Tendency to adjust behavior or beliefs to match group norms. Studied by Asch (1951) and Milgram (1963).
Source
Asch, S.E. (1951). Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgments. Groups, leadership and men, 177-190. PsycNET
D¶
Depersonalization¶
Feeling of detachment from oneself, as if observing oneself from outside. Can result from trauma or prolonged stress.
Deviance¶
Behavior that deviates from social norms. Relative concept depending on cultural and historical context.
Source
Becker, H.S. (1963). Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. Free Press. ISBN: 978-0-684-83635-5. WorldCat
Diffusion of Responsibility¶
Phenomenon where the presence of other people reduces the feeling of individual responsibility.
Documentation¶
Process of systematic recording of information. In the COGSEC context, documentation is a fundamental countermeasure to the three walls.
Double Bind¶
Communicational situation involving two contradictory messages at different logical levels, with impossibility of commenting on the contradiction. Theorized by Bateson and the Palo Alto School.
Source
Bateson, G., Jackson, D.D., Haley, J., & Weakland, J. (1956). Toward a theory of schizophrenia. Behavioral Science, 1(4), 251-264. DOI: 10.1002/bs.3830010402 | Wiley
E¶
Epistemology¶
Branch of philosophy that studies the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge.
→ Wikipedia | Stanford Encyclopedia
Exclusion (Social)¶
Process by which an individual is marginalized or isolated from a group. Documented by Lemert (1962) as dynamics of exclusion.
Source
Lemert, E.M. (1962). Paranoia and the Dynamics of Exclusion. Sociometry, 25(1), 2-20. DOI: 10.2307/2786028
Executive Functions¶
Set of higher cognitive processes (planning, inhibition, flexibility) enabling behavior control.
Externalization¶
Action of transferring information from internal memory to external support (notes, documentation). Countermeasure to Wall 1.
F¶
Face¶
Positive social value that an individual claims for themselves in an interaction. Central concept of Goffman.
Source
Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction Ritual. Anchor Books. ISBN: 978-0-394-70631-0. WorldCat
Face-work¶
Actions undertaken to maintain the consistency of one's social "face." Strategic interruption protects collective "face."
Source
Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction Ritual, p. 12. ISBN: 978-0-394-70631-0.
G¶
Gaslighting¶
Form of psychological manipulation aimed at making the victim doubt their own perception of reality, memory, or judgment.
Gifted / High Intellectual Potential (HIP)¶
Cognitive profile characterized by significantly above-average intellectual abilities (generally IQ ≥ 130), often associated with heightened sensitivity and atypical information processing.
H¶
Habituation¶
Progressive decrease in response to a repeated stimulus. Can make constant control mechanisms invisible.
Heuristic¶
Mental shortcut allowing quick but potentially biased decisions.
Source
Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN: 978-0-374-27563-1. WorldCat
Hypersensitivity¶
Heightened sensitivity to sensory, emotional, or social stimuli. Common characteristic of HPI and ASD profiles.
I¶
Information Jamming¶
Set of techniques reducing the signal-to-noise ratio in an individual's perception: double bind, strategic interruption, narrative splitting, conditioning. Analyzed in COGSEC005 (Wall 2).
Institutional Dossier¶
Narrative reconstruction of an individual's history by the institution, becoming more "real" than their own version. Concept from Goffman (1961).
Source
Goffman, E. (1961). Asylums. Anchor Books, p. 155. ISBN: 978-0-385-00016-1.
Iron Cage¶
Max Weber's metaphor describing total rationalization — a bureaucratic system so perfect that no one can escape it, not even its operators.
Source
Weber, M. (1905). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. WorldCat | Internet Archive
K¶
Kafkaesque¶
Qualifies an absurd, bureaucratic, and oppressive situation reminiscent of Franz Kafka's universe, where the individual is powerless against an opaque system.
Source
Kafka, F. (1925). Der Prozeß (The Trial). Project Gutenberg | WorldCat
L¶
Labeling¶
Process by which an individual is categorized according to a characteristic, which then influences interactions with them.
Source
Becker, H.S. (1963). Outsiders. Free Press. ISBN: 978-0-684-83635-5.
Learned Helplessness¶
Psychological state where the individual stops trying to escape an aversive situation, even when escape becomes possible. Demonstrated by Seligman (1967), reformulated in 2016: passivity is the default state, it is control that is learned.
Sources
- Seligman, M.E.P. (1967). Failure to escape traumatic shock. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 74(1), 1-9. DOI: 10.1037/h0024514
- Maier, S.F. & Seligman, M.E.P. (2016). Learned helplessness at fifty. Psychological Review, 123(4), 349-367. DOI: 10.1037/rev0000033
Legibility¶
James C. Scott's concept designating the simplification imposed by states to make populations "readable" and therefore controllable. The map replaces the territory.
Source
Scott, J.C. (1998). Seeing Like a State. Yale University Press. ISBN: 978-0-300-07815-2. DOI: 10.12987/9780300252989 | WorldCat
Locus of Control¶
Concept designating the degree to which an individual believes they control life events (internal) or attributes them to external factors.
Source
Rotter, J.B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80(1), 1-28. DOI: 10.1037/h0092976
M¶
Manipulation¶
Influence exerted on others through indirect or deceptive means to achieve one's own ends.
Masking (Social Camouflage)¶
Strategy adopted by neuroatypical individuals to conceal their differences and adapt to neurotypical social expectations. Cognitively and emotionally costly.
Source
Hull, L., et al. (2017). "Putting on My Best Normal": Social Camouflaging in Adults with Autism Spectrum Conditions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(8), 2519-2534. DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3166-5
Metacognition¶
Knowledge and regulation of one's own cognitive processes. "Thinking about one's thinking."
Metacommunication¶
Communication about communication. Higher logical level blocked in double bind.
Source
Watzlawick, P., Beavin, J.H., & Jackson, D.D. (1967). Pragmatics of Human Communication. W.W. Norton. ISBN: 978-0393010091. WorldCat
Moral Career¶
Goffman's concept describing the identity transformations an individual undergoes during their passage through a total institution.
Source
Goffman, E. (1961). Asylums. Anchor Books, pp. 125-169. ISBN: 978-0-385-00016-1. WorldCat
Mortification of Self¶
Process by which the total institution strips the individual of their prior identity.
Source
Goffman, E. (1961). Asylums, pp. 14-35. Anchor Books. ISBN: 978-0-385-00016-1.
N¶
Narrative Fragmentation¶
Control technique consisting of authorizing certain narratives while compartmentalizing others, making reconstruction of the whole impossible.
Source
Herman, J.L. (1992). Trauma and Recovery, p. 1. Basic Books. ISBN: 978-0-465-08765-0. WorldCat
Negativity Bias¶
Tendency to give more weight to negative information than positive. Amplifies the effect of negative briefing.
Neuroplasticity¶
Brain's capacity to modify itself structurally and functionally in response to experience.
Neurotypical¶
Individual whose neurological functioning conforms to the statistical norm. Contrasts with neuroatypical (ASD, HPI, ADHD, etc.).
O¶
Obedience¶
Submission to authority, particularly studied by Milgram (1963).
Source
Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral Study of Obedience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(4), 371-378. DOI: 10.1037/h0040525
Operations Research¶
Discipline born to optimize military operations (bombings, logistics), reconverted after the war into population and organization management. Same mathematics, different targets.
Sources
- Blackett, P.M.S. (1962). Studies of War. Oliver & Boyd. Google Books
- Morse, P.M. & Kimball, G.E. (1951). Methods of Operations Research. MIT Press. Library of Congress
Ostracism¶
Social exclusion of an individual by a group. Form of social punishment.
Source
Williams, K.D. (2007). Ostracism. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 425-452. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085641
Outsider¶
Individual labeled as deviant by a group. Concept from Becker (1963).
Source
Becker, H.S. (1963). Outsiders. Free Press. ISBN: 978-0-684-83635-5. WorldCat
P¶
Palo Alto School¶
Research current in communication and psychotherapy founded in the 1950s, known for double bind theory and systemic approach.
Panopticon¶
Prison architecture designed by Jeremy Bentham and analyzed by Michel Foucault. The subject knows they could be observed at any time, producing self-discipline. Logic applicable beyond prisons.
Source
Foucault, M. (1975). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. WorldCat | Open Library
Paranoia¶
State of generalized mistrust. Lemert (1962) shows how social exclusion can produce behaviors interpreted as paranoid.
Source
Lemert, E.M. (1962). Paranoia and the Dynamics of Exclusion. Sociometry, 25(1), 2-20. DOI: 10.2307/2786028
Pattern Recognition¶
Identification of recurring motifs in data or behaviors. Central competence of ASD/HPI profiles.
Primacy Effect¶
Tendency to better remember and give more importance to information received first. Exploited in briefing.
Source
Asch, S.E. (1946). Forming impressions of personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41(3), 258-290. DOI: 10.1037/h0055756
Projection¶
Defense mechanism consisting of attributing to others one's own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or motivations.
Psychiatrization¶
Process by which behaviors or individuals are interpreted through a medical/psychiatric lens, often to control or delegitimize them.
Pygmalion Effect¶
Phenomenon where high expectations of an individual lead to improved performance. Inverse: Golem effect.
Source
Rosenthal, R. & Jacobson, L. (1968). Pygmalion in the Classroom. Holt, Rinehart & Winston. ISBN: 978-1-904424-06-2. WorldCat
R¶
Rationalization¶
Defense mechanism consisting of justifying a behavior or decision after the fact with apparently logical reasons.
Reactance¶
Emotional response of resistance to a perceived threat to one's freedom or autonomy.
Source
Brehm, J.W. (1966). A Theory of Psychological Reactance. Academic Press. ISBN: 978-0-12-129840-1.
Reinforcement¶
In operant conditioning, consequence that increases the probability of a behavior (positive = addition of a pleasant stimulus, negative = removal of an aversive stimulus).
Resilience¶
Capacity to adapt and recover from difficult or traumatic situations.
Reverse Engineering¶
Process of analyzing a system to identify its components, relationships, and create representations at a higher level of abstraction.
Source
Chikofsky, E.J. & Cross, J.H. (1990). Reverse Engineering and Design Recovery: A Taxonomy. IEEE Software, 7(1), 13-17. DOI: 10.1109/52.43044 | IEEE Xplore
Reverse Engineering (Social)¶
Application of reverse engineering methods to social systems: observation, analysis, modeling, documentation.
→ Concept developed in COGSEC004
S¶
Schema (Cognitive)¶
Mental structure organizing knowledge and guiding information processing.
Self-Discipline¶
Mechanism by which individuals internalize norms and monitor themselves, making external surveillance less necessary. Central concept of Foucault's panopticon.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy¶
Prediction that, by having been stated, causes its own realization. Labeling an individual as "problematic" generates the conditions that confirm the label.
Sources
- Merton, R.K. (1948). The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy. The Antioch Review, 8(2), 193-210.
- Rosenhan, D.L. (1973). On Being Sane in Insane Places. Science, 179(4070), 250-258. DOI: 10.1126/science.179.4070.250
Signal-to-Noise Ratio¶
Measure of meaningful information relative to noise. Core concept for understanding Wall 2.
Source
Shannon, C.E. (1948). A mathematical theory of communication. The Bell System Technical Journal, 27(3), 379-423. DOI: 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x
Social Control¶
Set of mechanisms by which a society regulates the behavior of its members. Can be formal (laws) or informal (social norms).
→ Wikipedia | Britannica
Social Identity¶
Part of an individual's self-concept derived from their membership in social groups.
Source
Tajfel, H. & Turner, J.C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, 33-47.
Stigma¶
Deeply discrediting attribute that reduces the individual from a complete person to a "spoiled identity."
Source
Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Prentice-Hall. ISBN: 978-0-671-62244-2. WorldCat | Internet Archive
Strategic Interruption¶
Conversational control technique consisting of systematically cutting off a line of discussion that approaches a forbidden subject.
Source
Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction Ritual, p. 12. Anchor Books. ISBN: 978-0-394-70631-0.
Stress¶
Physiological and psychological response to demands perceived as exceeding the individual's resources. Reduces working memory.
Structural Violence¶
Forms of violence integrated into social structures (inequalities, discrimination) rather than exercised by identifiable individuals.
Source
Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, Peace, and Peace Research. Journal of Peace Research, 6(3), 167-191. DOI: 10.1177/002234336900600301
Surveillance Capitalism¶
Shoshana Zuboff's term designating the extraction of human behavior as raw material, transformed into prediction products sold on behavioral futures markets.
Source
Zuboff, S. (2019). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism. PublicAffairs. ISBN: 978-1-61039-569-4. WorldCat | Open Library
Symbolic Violence¶
Bourdieu's concept describing domination exercised with the unconscious complicity of the dominated, who have internalized the dominant's categories of perception.
Source
Bourdieu, P. (1979). Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. WorldCat | Internet Archive | Open Library
Systemizing¶
Tendency to analyze and build rule-based systems. Characteristic of ASD profiles according to Baron-Cohen (2009).
Source
Baron-Cohen, S. (2009). Autism: The Empathizing-Systemizing (E-S) Theory. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1156(1), 68-80. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04467.x | PubMed
T¶
Thoughtlessness¶
Absence of critical thought, conformity to procedures without reflection on their consequences. Arendt's concept linked to the banality of evil.
Source
Arendt, H. (1963). Eichmann in Jerusalem. Penguin Classics. ISBN: 978-0-14-303988-4.
Total Institution¶
Place of residence and work where individuals cut off from the outside world lead a formally administered life. Examples: prisons, psychiatric hospitals, barracks.
Source
Goffman, E. (1961). Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates. Anchor Books. ISBN: 978-0-385-00016-1. WorldCat | Internet Archive
Trauma¶
Psychological injury resulting from an extremely stressful or threatening event.
Source
Herman, J.L. (1992). Trauma and Recovery. Basic Books. ISBN: 978-0-465-08765-0. WorldCat
Triple Wall¶
Cognitive neutralization architecture composed of three synergistic mechanisms: working memory reduction (Wall 1 - RAM), information jamming (Wall 2 - Noise), learned helplessness (Wall 3 - Fear). Documented in COGSEC005.
→ Concept developed in this project
ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder)¶
Neurodevelopmental condition characterized by differences in social communication and restricted/repetitive patterns of behavior. ASD profiles often exhibit high systemizing abilities and increased attention to detail.
U¶
Unanticipated Consequences¶
Unforeseen effects of intentional actions. Formalized by Merton (1936). In the COGSEC context: ejecting an analyst produces an expert on the system that ejected them.
Source
Merton, R.K. (1936). The Unanticipated Consequences of Purposive Social Action. American Sociological Review, 1(6), 894-904. DOI: 10.2307/2084615 | JSTOR
V¶
Verifiability¶
Characteristic of a statement that can be tested and confirmed or refuted by evidence.
→ Wikipedia | Stanford Encyclopedia
Visibility¶
In the COGSEC context: the effectiveness of control mechanisms relies on their invisibility. Making visible = documenting = neutralizing.
→ Concept developed in this project
W¶
Working Memory¶
Cognitive capacity to simultaneously maintain and manipulate information over a short period. The mental "workbench." Limited to 7±2 elements (Miller, 1956) or 4 chunks (Cowan, 2001). Vulnerable to stress, forming Wall 1.
Sources
- Miller, G.A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two. Psychological Review, 63(2), 81-97. DOI: 10.1037/h0043158 | PubMed
- Cowan, N. (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24(1), 87-114. DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X01003922
Complete References¶
Reference Works¶
Bibliography — Books
- Arendt, H. (1963). Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil. Penguin Classics. ISBN: 978-0-14-303988-4. WorldCat | Internet Archive | Open Library
- Attwood, T. (2006). The Complete Guide to Asperger's Syndrome. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN: 978-1-84310-495-7. WorldCat | Open Library
- Becker, H.S. (1963). Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. Free Press. ISBN: 978-0-684-83635-5. WorldCat | Internet Archive | Open Library
- Bourdieu, P. (1979). Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Harvard University Press. ISBN: 978-0-674-21277-0. WorldCat | Internet Archive
- Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford University Press. ISBN: 978-0-8047-0911-8. WorldCat
- Foucault, M. (1975). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Vintage Books. ISBN: 978-0-679-75255-4. WorldCat | Open Library
- Goffman, E. (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Anchor Books. ISBN: 978-0-385-09402-6. WorldCat
- Goffman, E. (1961). Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates. Anchor Books. ISBN: 978-0-385-00016-1. WorldCat | Internet Archive
- Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Prentice-Hall. ISBN: 978-0-671-62244-2. WorldCat | Internet Archive
- Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior. Anchor Books. ISBN: 978-0-394-70631-0. WorldCat | Internet Archive
- Graeber, D. (2015). The Utopia of Rules: On Technology, Stupidity, and the Secret Joys of Bureaucracy. Melville House. ISBN: 978-1-61219-374-8. WorldCat | Open Library
- Herman, J.L. (1992). Trauma and Recovery. Basic Books. ISBN: 978-0-465-08765-0. WorldCat | Internet Archive
- Hirschman, A.O. (1970). Exit, Voice, and Loyalty. Harvard University Press. ISBN: 978-0-674-27660-4. WorldCat | Internet Archive
- Kafka, F. (1925). The Trial. WorldCat | Project Gutenberg
- Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN: 978-0-374-27563-1. WorldCat
- Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View. Harper & Row. ISBN: 978-0-06-131983-9. WorldCat | Internet Archive
- Scott, J.C. (1998). Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. Yale University Press. ISBN: 978-0-300-07815-2. WorldCat | Open Library
- Watzlawick, P., Beavin, J.H., & Jackson, D.D. (1967). Pragmatics of Human Communication. W.W. Norton. ISBN: 978-0393010091. WorldCat
- Weber, M. (1905). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. WorldCat | Internet Archive
- Zuboff, S. (2019). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism. PublicAffairs. ISBN: 978-1-61039-569-4. WorldCat | Open Library
Scientific Articles¶
Bibliography — Articles
- Abramson, L.Y., Seligman, M.E.P., & Teasdale, J.D. (1978). Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87(1), 49-74. DOI: 10.1037/0021-843X.87.1.49 | PubMed
- Akerlof, G.A. (1970). The Market for "Lemons": Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 84(3), 488-500. DOI: 10.2307/1879431 | JSTOR
- Asch, S.E. (1946). Forming impressions of personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41(3), 258-290. DOI: 10.1037/h0055756
- Baron-Cohen, S. (2009). Autism: The Empathizing-Systemizing (E-S) Theory. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1156(1), 68-80. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04467.x | PubMed
- Bateson, G., Jackson, D.D., Haley, J., & Weakland, J. (1956). Toward a theory of schizophrenia. Behavioral Science, 1(4), 251-264. DOI: 10.1002/bs.3830010402 | Wiley
- Cowan, N. (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24(1), 87-114. DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X01003922 | PubMed
- Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, Peace, and Peace Research. Journal of Peace Research, 6(3), 167-191. DOI: 10.1177/002234336900600301
- Happé, F. & Frith, U. (2006). The Weak Coherence Account: Detail-focused Cognitive Style in Autism Spectrum Disorders. JADD, 36(1), 5-25. DOI: 10.1007/s10803-005-0039-0
- Hull, L., et al. (2017). "Putting on My Best Normal": Social Camouflaging in Adults with Autism Spectrum Conditions. JADD, 47(8), 2519-2534. DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3166-5
- Lemert, E.M. (1962). Paranoia and the Dynamics of Exclusion. Sociometry, 25(1), 2-20. DOI: 10.2307/2786028
- Maier, S.F. & Seligman, M.E.P. (2016). Learned helplessness at fifty. Psychological Review, 123(4), 349-367. DOI: 10.1037/rev0000033
- Merton, R.K. (1936). The Unanticipated Consequences of Purposive Social Action. American Sociological Review, 1(6), 894-904. DOI: 10.2307/2084615
- Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral Study of Obedience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(4), 371-378. DOI: 10.1037/h0040525
- Miller, G.A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two. Psychological Review, 63(2), 81-97. DOI: 10.1037/h0043158
- Rosenhan, D.L. (1973). On Being Sane in Insane Places. Science, 179(4070), 250-258. DOI: 10.1126/science.179.4070.250
- Shannon, C.E. (1948). A mathematical theory of communication. The Bell System Technical Journal, 27(3), 379-423. DOI: 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x
- Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive Load During Problem Solving. Cognitive Science, 12(2), 257-285. DOI: 10.1207/s15516709cog1202_4
- Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124-1131. DOI: 10.1126/science.185.4157.1124
- Wason, P.C. (1960). On the failure to eliminate hypotheses in a conceptual task. QJEP, 12(3), 129-140. DOI: 10.1080/17470216008416717
- Watson, J.B. & Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3(1), 1-14. DOI: 10.1037/h0069608
- Williams, K.D. (2007). Ostracism. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 425-452. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085641
External Resources¶
Encyclopedias and Dictionaries¶
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Philosophy, epistemology, ethics
- Wikipedia — General encyclopedia
- APA Dictionary of Psychology — Psychological terminology
- Britannica — General encyclopedia
Academic Databases¶
- PubMed — Biomedical literature
- PsycNET — Psychology (APA)
- JSTOR — Humanities and social sciences
- DOI.org — Digital Object Identifier resolver
- WorldCat — World library catalog
- Google Scholar — Academic research
Archives and Digital Libraries¶
- Internet Archive — Books, media, web
- Open Library — Open digital library
- Project Gutenberg — Public domain books
Pattern by pattern. Reference by reference. Method by method.